1.
Nutritional Evaluation Of Processed Hatchery Waste Meal And Its Utilization In Layer Diet
by Athar Mahmud | Dr.Saima | Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Dr.Abdul.
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Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Due to ever increasing human population, more area is being used for cash crop and there is shortage of traditional feed items such as maize, wheat and soybean meal for poultry. This situation has necessitated using non-conventional feedstuffs as replacement for the conventional ones. Hatchery waste, when processed appropriately, has the potential to increase the viable economic profitability of the poultry production. To determine the feeding value of processed HWM, present study was conducted in four phases. In experiment I, the HWM prepared by using different processing techniques i.e., simple cooking, autoclaving and extrusion cooking was chemically and microbiologically analyzed. Proximate composition showed that the protein contents of the cooked, autoclaved and extruded HW meals were 43.67, 44.10, and 41.64%, while ash contents of meal prepared by above mentioned techniques were 25.81, 26.94 and 27.90, respectively. The high ash contents were due to presence of shell moiety. Microbial analysis of the raw HW depicted high total viable count (TVC) i.e. 8.3x107 and total coliform count (TCC) as l.9x105. Different processing techniques reduced the microbial count of HW up to a safe level. Autoclaving reduced both the TVC (4.7x103) and TCC (3.0x102) level while extrusion reduced the TVC and TCC to a level of 3.7x103 and 2.9x102, which were significantly less (P<0.05) as compared to other processing treatments.
In experiment II, protein quality of cooked, autoclaved and extruded HWM was measured in terms of protein efficiency ratio (PER) and net protein utilization (NPU). For this purpose, ten days feeding trial was conducted and five poultry rations were formulated for broiler chicks. Twenty five straight run 14-days old broiler (Hubbard) chicks were divided randomly into five groups in such a way that there were five chicks in each group. Each group was divided randomly into five experimental units in such a way that each chick represented as single replicate. The weight gain in group consuming reference diet with casein as sole source of protein showed significantly (P<0.05) higher weight gain (86.5 g) as compared to the other experimental groups. The PER values of cooked (1.46), autoclaved (1.50) and extruded HWM (1.38) were significantly less (P<0.05) than that of casein diet (1.63). The statistical analysis of data revealed that PER values of all protein sources tested, differed significantly (P<0 .05) among all groups. The minimum (1.38) PER value was observed in group fed on extruded HWM.
The NPU values of cooked (45.71), autoclaved (45.22) and extruded HWM (40.63) were also significantly less (P<0.05) than that of casein based diet (74.22). It was also observed that groups fed autoclaved and cooked HWM showed significant (P<0.05) difference with that of extruded HWM. However, there was non- significant (P>0.05) difference between autoclaved and cooked HWM with regard to NPU. The less NPU value in extruded meal was attributed to low protein contents in this meal. But overall values of PER and NPU revealed that processing of HWM can generate nutrient rich, palatable ingredients that can replace the traditional ingredients for better broiler performance.
The processed meals are rich in fat contents (18-21%) due to presence of yolk which tends to spoil the quality of NW by creating rancidity. This problem can be counter acted by addition of an appropriate antioxidant. In experiment III, cooked, autoclaved and extruded meals were stored with three different level of antioxidant. This was done to determine the optimum level of antioxidant for proper storage of meals. For this purpose, four different levels of antioxidant (Oxygun) at 0, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg were added to the ground HWM prepared from the above mentioned processing techniques and stored for 50 days. After every 10 days, the representative samples were analyzed for peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid value (TBA) and free fatty acids (FFA) contents. Variable values of oxidation were observed when the values of PV, FFA and TBA of HW treated with different processing techniques were compared at different storage periods. There was a linear increase in PV, FFA and TBA values of all the treatments. Comparison within the raw hatchery waste (RHW), cooked hatchery waste (CHW), autoclaved hatchery waste (AHW) and extruded hatchery waste (EHW) with different levels of antioxidant for PV generally showed significant differences (P<0.05) within the treatments. The PV decreased with higher level of antioxidant. This trend was observed during 50 days storage. The lowest PV was found in extruded HW with 300 mg/kg of antioxidant at 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 days storage compared to their correspondent treatments, while highest PV was at cooked HW with 100 mg/kg of antioxidant with the same storage periods.
When different levels of antioxidant in extrusion techniques were analyzed, it revealed that extruded HW with 300 mg/kg of antioxidant was significantly (P<0.05) lower in PV as compared to extruded HW with 100 mg/kg of antioxidant. It was noted that when antioxidant level was increased in all treatments it subsequently checked the PV i.e. higher the level of antioxidant, lower was the PV. When FFA % and TBA value was analyzed it showed the same pattern as in PV.
In general, all the processing techniques as well as antioxidant addition checked the fat rancidity throughout the storage period as compared to raw samples without antioxidant addition, however synergistic effect of extrusion cooking and 300 mg/Kg of antioxidant addition was found to be most appropriate to keep the samples highly acceptable for 50 days storage period.
HW was subjected to different processing techniques and analyzed and in fourth experiment, optimum inclusion level of each type of processed HWM was determined in layer's diet. For this purpose, three hundred white leghorn hens were randomly distributed to 10 experimental diets containing 4, 8 and 12 % of cooked, autoclaved and extruded HWM respectively. Results showed that maximum egg production (79.56%) was achieved with 4 % HWM processed by autoclaving. Processing of 11W with extrusion significantly (P<0.05) reduced egg production and more pronounced decrease was found with 12 % of extruded HWM (69.48%). Egg mass and feed conversion followed the same trend, observed for egg production. Average egg weight due to different treatments fell within very narrow range and showed no difference (P>0.05) among them. Yolk, albumen and shell weights as a percentage of egg weight were not significantly affected with the use of different levels and processing of HWM. Maximum value of albumen height as well as Haugh units were obtained with the feeding of 4% autoclaved HWM. Other egg quality parameters like shell thickness, yolk index and color were independent of the dietary treatments. The findings of this study suggest that autoclaving of hatchery waste is better than extrusion and cooking techniques and 4 % of autoclaved HWM may be included in layers ration to get more production than diets without NW. Nevertheless, layer diets up to 8% HWM could be used to feed the laying hens to maintain reasonably good production without detrimental effects on egg quality.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1093,T] (1).
2.
Nutritional Evaluation Processing Ang Utilization Of Rumen Contents For Livestock Feed
by Azmat hayat Khan | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Dr.Saima | Mr.Nisar Ahmad.
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Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The cost of feed, as percentage of total production costs, accounts for about 5 0-60% of ruminant feeding systems. According to estimates, Pakistan is deficient by 40 and 80 percent in forage and concentrate feeds. For economical production of balanced feed for livestock, poultry, fish and pet animal, non-conventional feed resources need to be explored to find solution to the existing gaps. For this purpose the present study was conducted to determine the nutritional profile, processing and utilization of rumen contents in buffalo feed. The study was conducted in three phases. In phase one, bovine rumen contents were collected from the slaughter house near Bakar Mandi and were analyzed at Nutrition laboratory, UVAS, Lahore. In phase two, rumen contents were ensiled with wheat straw, with and without addition of 5% molasses for a period of 60 days at Ravi Campus, Pattoki. Proportion of rumen contents and wheat straw were 1:1 on DM basis. Wheat straw was also treated alone by reducing its DM to 43% with water and by addition of 5% molasses. The pH of silages of rumen contents and wheat straw, with and without molasses were 4.8 and 4.92, respectively. The silage containing rumen contents and wheat straw showed a little increase in C.P. In phase three, a metabolic trial was conducted at Buffalo Reaearch Institute, Pattoki, in which 15 male buffalo calves were fed the diets having total mixed ration (TMR) (Ti), TMR with 43% DM in wheat straw (T2), 50% TMR plus 50% ensued wheat straw and rumen contents (T3), TMR with 5% molasses in wheat straw (T4), and 50% TMR plus 50% ensued wheat straw with rumen contents and molasses (T5). The data thus obtained was statistically analyzed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique. The significant differences between means were tested by Duncan's Multiple Range test. Among the treatments containing ensued rumen contents, DM intake, DM and nutrient digestibility as well as N retention were significantly (P<O.05) higher for silage without molasses treatment. However, the digestible energy (D.E) was significantly (P<O.05) higher for silage treated with molasses. When means were compared there were significant differences among all treatments for DM intake, DM, CP, CF, cellulose and hemicellulose digestibility, D.E and N retention but not for T5 and T3, T4 and T2 and T2 and Ti in case of DM intake and EE, NDF and ADF in case of digestibility. It was concluded that rumen contents could replace 50% of conventional TMR without any adverse effects on digestibility and health of buffalo calves.
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3.
To Study Of Commercially Available Probiotics And Prebiotics On The Performance And Nutrient Availablity In Japanese Quail
by Agha Shehzad Shaukst | Dr.Saima | Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Prof.Dr.Muham.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: Poultry feed accounts for 60 to 70% of total cost of production. To increase the efficiency of feed, different types of growth promoter likes enzymes and antibiotics have been used. But long term use of these antibiotics has side effects like antibiotic resistance and drug residues in meat. Many countries are regulating the use of antibiotics in feed and setting up programs to reduce the overall use of antibiotics. The impending ban on antibiotics in animal feed, the current concern over the spread of antibiotic resistance genes, the failure to identify new antibiotics make a compelling cause for developing alternative prophylactics. The use of probiotics and prebiotics is recommended as an alternative to antibiotics as prophylactic, therapeutic and growth-promoting agents in poultry production.
Keeping this thing in view a 28 day long feeding trial was planned. A total of 420 day old Japanese quail chicks were randomly assigned to 7 dietary treatments each having 3 replicates of 20 birds. Seven diets were formulated in such a way that they contained similar levels of CP and ME (24% & 2900 kcal/kg) but different in Probiotics and Prebiotics levels. Diet A was ,in accordance with the nutritional requirements of Japanese quail as specified in NRC (1994) whereas, diets B, C and D contained probiotics 50mg, 75mg and 100mg respectively. Diets E, F and G contained Prebiotics ig, 2g and 3g respectively. Feed consumption, body weight gain, FCR, dressing percentage, giblet weight, plasma calcium magnesium and phosphorus, zinc retention, plasma cholesterol, economics of all experimental rations were the parameters considered. Data thus obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Technique. The difference among the treatment means were tested by Duncan's Multiple Range (DMR) Test.
The results of the experiment revealed that body weight gain, feed consumption, FCR, were significantly (p<O.O5) higher in probiotic and prebiotic added groups. Whereas plasma calcium was significantly (p<O.O5) higher in brebiotics added groups than control and prohiotics added groups. Plasma cholesterol was significantly lower in probiotic added groups. Plasma magnesium, phosphorus, zinc concentration, giblet weight and dressing percentage showed nonsignificant (p>O.O5) difference among all the groups.
Data pertaining to economics of the experiment revealed a considerably low cost of feed/kg of the group B and C. While the group D and prebiotic added groups did not decreased the feed cost.
Conclusion:
o Use of probiotics & prebiotics increased the weight gain but the effect of prohiolics was more pronounced
o Prebiotics increased the Ca absorption
o Probiotics decreased the plasma cholesterol
o Use of probiotics proved to be economical although prebiotics also improved the weight gain and FCR but it is not economical to use it as growth promoter
From the results of above experiment it is concluded that inclusion of prehiotics have no considerable benefits but the use of probiotics at low concentration is useful. This consequently results in considerably improved performance and ultimately higher profitability of the farm.
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4.
Effect Of Form Of Feed And Dietary Supplementation Of Phytase And Vitamin D3 On Phytase Utilization In Broilers
by Muhammad Farooq | Dr.Saima | Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Dr.Farina Malik.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: AThe purpose of this research trial was to study the effect of form of feed and dietary supplementation of phytase and vitamin 1)3 on phytate utihzation. growth performance, minerals (calcium and phosphorus) and nitrogen retention in broilers. I he findings of this study on the above mentioned parameters have been discussed as under in the light of the available literature.
One hundred and eighty day-old broiler chicks were purchased from local market. The
chicks were weighed on the first day and then randomly divided into 6 groups of 18 replicates. [here were ten chicks in each replicate. Six isocaloric (M[ 2750 Real/kg) and isonitroginous
(CP% 19) broiler starter rations (A, B, C, 1), E and F) were formulated. Similarly six isocaloric (ME 2850 kcal/kg) and isonitroginous (CP% 18) broiler finisher rations (A, B, C, D, E and F)
were formulated. Ration A and ration B was control but ration A was in mash form and ration B in the Form of pellets. Rations C and I) were Formulated in mash form with phytase (Phyzyme XP 10000 LV!) 500 FlU/Kg along with 1, 25(OH) 2 1)3 a' 2000 and 3000 lU/Kg
respectively. Rations E and F were formulated in pellets form with phytase (Phyzyme XP 10000 TPT) @ 500 FTU/Kg along with 2000 and 3000 lU/Kg of 1, 25(OH) 2 D3 respectively. Starter diets were fed I to day 28 and finisher diets were led from day 29 th to 42 Ui day. All the birds were provided ICed and water ud-/ibiluin and were provided with 24 hours light. The parameters defined for study were feed intake, weight, FCR, dressing percentage, toe ash percentage, calcium and phosphorus in toe ash and excreta, nitrogen retention and economics. The data was subjected to statistical analysis and differences among treatment means were analyzed through l)MRl lest.
The results indicated average feed intake that highest feed intake was found in group F (D3 3000 lU/kg and phytase 500 units/kg) and E (1)3 2000 lU/kg and phytase 500 units/kg,) which were in pellet form respectively. The statistical analysis showed significant difference (P<0.05) in feed intake of the birds fed diets in pellet and mash form containing varying levels of D3 and phytase level. The lowest feed intake was found in group A (control, 0 phytase and 0 D3 level) which was in mash form. The maximum average weight gain was in the birds fed diets containing phytase 500 units/kg and vitamin D3 containing 2000 and 3000 units/kg in group F and F in pellet form respectively, while minimum weight gain was in the birds fed diets containing no phytase and vitamin D3 ( group A in mash form). The statistical analysis showed significant difference (P<0.05) in weight gain of the birds fed diets containing varying levels of phosphorus. 1)3 and phytase (a) 500 units with pellet and mash form. Ihe poor FCR was found in group F and best ICR was observed in group E. The statistical analysis showed non-significant difference (P<0.05) in feed conversion ratio of the birds of all the groups. The highest dressing percentage was observed in group F (phytase S00units/kg and vitamin D3, 3000 units/kg) in pellet form followed by group 13 (control. pellet) and F (phytase S00units/kg and vitamin 1)3, 2000 units/kg). The lowest dressing percentage was observed group A (control, mash).A significant difference was found between dressing percentage of all the groups (P<0.05).
Statistical analysis showed non-significant difference between all the groups (P<0.05). Highest toe ash percentage was observed in group D (phytase So0units/kg and vitamin D3, 3000 units/kg) in mash form) followed by group A. C and F. The lowest toe ash percentage was found in group F. The statistical analysis showed non-significant difference among all the groups (P<0.05). The highest phosphorus in toe bone was in group D followed by F and F and lowest phosphorus was found in group A. The results showed that non-significant difference was found between all groups (P<O.05). The highest calcium in toe bone was in group A and F and lowest calcium was in group D.
There was non-significant difference between all the groups (P<O.05). Calcium excretion in group B was lowest while calcium excretion in group A was highest. The statistical analysis showed that there was non-significant difference between all the groups (P<O.05). The lowest phosphorus excretion was found in group F and highest phosphorus excreted in group B and E. The highest nitrogen retention was observed in group F. There was significant difference between all the groups (P<O.05). A significant difference was found in all the groups at 6th week (P<O.05). The highest nitrogen retention was observed in group E and F. Net profit was highest in F and F followed by B and D.
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